ПЛОДОВЕ И ЗЕЛЕНЧУЦИ

 

ПЛОДОВЕ И ЗЕЛЕНЧУЦИ

3.9.1.   Класификация на плодовете и плодовите ядки:

            според строежа на плодовете

–  семкови – ябълки, круши, дюли;

–  костилкови – сливи, праскови, кайсии, череши, вишни;

–  ягодови:

–  с прост плод – грозде, боровинки, касис;

–  със сложен плод – малини и къпини;

–  с лъжливи плодове – градинска ягода.

–  черупести (орехови) – орехи, лешници, бадеми, фъстъци

–  субтропични плодове – портокали, лимони, мандарини,  грейпфрут, маслини;

–  тропични плодове – банан, ананас, манго.

 

Таблица 3.2.

Температурен режим и срок на съхранение на плодове

Вид Температура, °С Срок на съхранение
Ябълки 0 до 4 2 – 8 месеца
Круши - 1 до 1 1 – 3 месеца
Дюли 0 до 4 2 – 3 месеца
Сливи -1 до 0,5 до 1 месец
Праскови -1 до 1 1 – 4 седмици
Кайсии -1 2 – 4 седмици
Череши -1 до 0,5 4 – 6 седмици
Вишни -1 до 0,5 2 – 3 седмици
Ягоди 0 1 – 3 дни
Малини 0 1 – 3 дни
Къпини 0 1 – 3 дни
Портокали 1 до 5 2 – 5 месеца
Лимони 2 до 8 4 – 6 месеца
Мандарини 1 до 5 2 – 3 месеца
Грейпфрут 2 до 3 2 – 3 месеца
Банани 12 – 14 3 – 7 дни

 

3.9.2      Класификация на зеленуци

според кои органи на зеленчуците се използват

  • вегетативни – използват се листа , корени

–  клубеноплодни – картофите

–  кореноплодни – морковите, ряпа, репичките, целината, пащърнак, магданоз, хрян и др

– листно стеблени

  • зелеви зеленчуци – главесто зеле, къдраво зеле, цветно зеле, алабаш, броколи, китайско зеле, брюкселско зеле,
  • листни зеленчуци – спанак, градинска салата,  листовиден  магданоз , листовидна целина, коприва ,      
  •  десертни зеленчуци – аспаржа, ревен , бамя

–  луковични зеленчуци – кромид лук, чесън, праз лук

  • плодови – използват се плодовете и семената на растенията

–  доматови – доматите, пиперките, патладжанит

–  бобови   – зелен фасул, зелен грах и баклата

–  тиквени зеленчуци – краставиците, тиквичките, дините и  пъпешите

3.9.3    Съхранение на зеленчуците

Температурен режим и срок на съхранение на зеленчуци

Вид Температура, °С Срок на съхранение
Картофи 3 до 4 4 – 8 месеца
Моркови 0 3 – 4 месеца
Главесто зеле 0 до 1 2 – 4 месеца
Спанак 0 1  – 2 седмица
Кромид лук 0 до 1 2 – 3 месеца
Домати 10 до 12 3 – 5 седмици
Пиперки 10 1 – 2 месеца
Дини 3 -4 1 –  2 месеца

 

Гъби

3.10.1  Класификация

според мястото на виреене

– култивирани и диворастящи

според употребата

– ядливи (печурка, манатарка, сърнела, челядинка,  пачи крак)

– отровни (зелена, червена и бяла мухоморка)

Пресните гъби са нетрайни и трябва бързо да се подложат на кулинарна обработка. Пресните гъби с признаци на започваща развала са също толкова     опасни , колкото и отровните гъби.

3.11 .   Продукти от преработката на плодове, гъби и зеленчуци

3.11.1  Класификация

–     сушени плодове , зеленчуци и гъби ( картофи, лук, домати,  пиперки, магданоз, ябълки, грозде, смокини, кайсии, сливи,  гъби и др- не се допуска изгниване и мухлясване и плесен.            съхраняват се при 0- 15 ºС до 1 година

  • замразени плодове и зеленчуци – при темп до -40ºС. Съхраняват се при – 18 ºС до 18 месеца
  • стерилизирани плодове и зеленчуци

–   компотите

–   натурални зеленчукови консерви ( домати, грах, фасул и др)

–   зеленчукови салати и маринати ( стерилизирани пиперки,    стерилизирани краставички, ловджийска салата )

–   зеленчукови консерви – готови ястия (лютеница, имам-  баялдъ, пълнени пиперки)

  • трушии (кисело зеле, кисели краставици, зелени домати и др)
  • зеленчукови и плодови концентрати (доматен концентрат, пиперков концентрат и др)

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