ПЛОДОВЕ И ЗЕЛЕНЧУЦИ
ПЛОДОВЕ И ЗЕЛЕНЧУЦИ
3.9.1. Класификация на плодовете и плодовите ядки:
според строежа на плодовете
– семкови – ябълки, круши, дюли;
– костилкови – сливи, праскови, кайсии, череши, вишни;
– ягодови:
– с прост плод – грозде, боровинки, касис;
– със сложен плод – малини и къпини;
– с лъжливи плодове – градинска ягода.
– черупести (орехови) – орехи, лешници, бадеми, фъстъци
– субтропични плодове – портокали, лимони, мандарини, грейпфрут, маслини;
– тропични плодове – банан, ананас, манго.
Таблица 3.2.
Температурен режим и срок на съхранение на плодове
Вид | Температура, °С | Срок на съхранение |
Ябълки | 0 до 4 | 2 – 8 месеца |
Круши | - 1 до 1 | 1 – 3 месеца |
Дюли | 0 до 4 | 2 – 3 месеца |
Сливи | -1 до 0,5 | до 1 месец |
Праскови | -1 до 1 | 1 – 4 седмици |
Кайсии | -1 | 2 – 4 седмици |
Череши | -1 до 0,5 | 4 – 6 седмици |
Вишни | -1 до 0,5 | 2 – 3 седмици |
Ягоди | 0 | 1 – 3 дни |
Малини | 0 | 1 – 3 дни |
Къпини | 0 | 1 – 3 дни |
Портокали | 1 до 5 | 2 – 5 месеца |
Лимони | 2 до 8 | 4 – 6 месеца |
Мандарини | 1 до 5 | 2 – 3 месеца |
Грейпфрут | 2 до 3 | 2 – 3 месеца |
Банани | 12 – 14 | 3 – 7 дни |
3.9.2 Класификация на зеленуци
според кои органи на зеленчуците се използват
- вегетативни – използват се листа , корени
– клубеноплодни – картофите
– кореноплодни – морковите, ряпа, репичките, целината, пащърнак, магданоз, хрян и др
– листно стеблени
- зелеви зеленчуци – главесто зеле, къдраво зеле, цветно зеле, алабаш, броколи, китайско зеле, брюкселско зеле,
- листни зеленчуци – спанак, градинска салата, листовиден магданоз , листовидна целина, коприва ,
- десертни зеленчуци – аспаржа, ревен , бамя
– луковични зеленчуци – кромид лук, чесън, праз лук
- плодови – използват се плодовете и семената на растенията
– доматови – доматите, пиперките, патладжанит
– бобови – зелен фасул, зелен грах и баклата
– тиквени зеленчуци – краставиците, тиквичките, дините и пъпешите
3.9.3 Съхранение на зеленчуците
Температурен режим и срок на съхранение на зеленчуци
Вид | Температура, °С | Срок на съхранение |
Картофи | 3 до 4 | 4 – 8 месеца |
Моркови | 0 | 3 – 4 месеца |
Главесто зеле | 0 до 1 | 2 – 4 месеца |
Спанак | 0 | 1 – 2 седмица |
Кромид лук | 0 до 1 | 2 – 3 месеца |
Домати | 10 до 12 | 3 – 5 седмици |
Пиперки | 10 | 1 – 2 месеца |
Дини | 3 -4 | 1 – 2 месеца |
Гъби
3.10.1 Класификация
– според мястото на виреене
– култивирани и диворастящи
– според употребата
– ядливи (печурка, манатарка, сърнела, челядинка, пачи крак)
– отровни (зелена, червена и бяла мухоморка)
Пресните гъби са нетрайни и трябва бързо да се подложат на кулинарна обработка. Пресните гъби с признаци на започваща развала са също толкова опасни , колкото и отровните гъби.
3.11 . Продукти от преработката на плодове, гъби и зеленчуци
3.11.1 Класификация
– сушени плодове , зеленчуци и гъби ( картофи, лук, домати, пиперки, магданоз, ябълки, грозде, смокини, кайсии, сливи, гъби и др- не се допуска изгниване и мухлясване и плесен. съхраняват се при 0- 15 ºС до 1 година
- замразени плодове и зеленчуци – при темп до -40ºС. Съхраняват се при – 18 ºС до 18 месеца
- стерилизирани плодове и зеленчуци
– компотите
– натурални зеленчукови консерви ( домати, грах, фасул и др)
– зеленчукови салати и маринати ( стерилизирани пиперки, стерилизирани краставички, ловджийска салата )
– зеленчукови консерви – готови ястия (лютеница, имам- баялдъ, пълнени пиперки)
- трушии (кисело зеле, кисели краставици, зелени домати и др)
- зеленчукови и плодови концентрати (доматен концентрат, пиперков концентрат и др)
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