РАЦИОНАЛНО ХРАНЕНЕ
- Рационално хранене
- Основи на рационалното (зравословното / оптималното) хранене:
а) основни физиологични изисквания:
– енергиен баланс:
енергийното съотношение БЕЛ : МАЗ : ВХД = 1:2:3
– балансирано приемане на хранителни вещества:
Таблица 4.1
Съотношение между БЕЛ, МАЗ и ВХД за различни групи лица
съотношението между | БЕЛ | МАЗ | ВХД |
- за подрастващи | 1 | 1,5 | 5 |
- за лица с ниска и умерена интензивност на физически труд | 1 | 0,8 | 3 |
- за лица с висока и много висока интензивност на физически труд | 1 | 1,1 | 4 |
– научнообосновани ритми на приемане на храната.
б) технологични аспекти:
– разнообразни и качествени хранителни продукти;
– научнообоснована технология.
в) психологични аспекти:
– удовлетворяване на социално-психологичните потребности;
– доставяне на удоволствие.
г) безвредност:
– химична безвредност;
– биологична безвредност.
- Други видове здравословно хранене:
а) диетично хранене – за съответно заболяване:
б) профилактично хранене – за застрашени от заболяване:
- Условия рационално хранене:
а) производство или внасяне на здравословни храни;
б) възможност да се придобият храните:
– баланс между потребности и предлагане;
– баланс между доходи и цени.
в) знания за научнообоснованото хранене.
4.1.4. Балансираност – основава се на:
– физиологичнообосновани норми за хранене, диференцирани по:
- възраст;
- пол;
- физическо натоварване.
- профилактиката на сърдечносъд.и ракови заболявания.
-
- Енергийна и биологична стойност:
Таблица 4.2
Препоръки за прием на енергия и хранит.вещества за възрастни
Възраст, години | Интензив-ност на физ.труд | Енергия kcal/d | БЕЛ | МАЗ | ВХД | |||
Е,% | g/d | Е,% | g/d | Е,% | g/d | |||
Мъже | ||||||||
18-60 | ниска | 2700 | 12 | 81 | 30 | 90 | 58 | 392 |
умерена | 3100 | 11,5 | 89 | 30 | 103 | 58,5 | 454 | |
висока | 3500 | 11 | 96 | 30 | 117 | 59 | 516 | |
много висока | 3800 | 10,5 | 100 | 30 | 127 | 59,5 | 564 | |
60-75 | 2200 | 12,5 | 70 | 29 | 70 | 58,5 | 322 | |
над 75 | 2100 | 13 | 68 | 29 | 58 | 58,3 | 306 | |
Жени | ||||||||
18-60 | ниска | 2100 | 12,5 | 66 | 30 | 70 | 57,5 | 302 |
умерена | 2300 | 12 | 69 | 30 | 77 | 58 | 333 | |
висока | 2500 | 11,5 | 72 | 30 | 83 | 58,5 | 366 | |
60-75 | 1900 | 13 | 61 | 29 | 61 | 58 | 277 | |
над 75 | 1800 | 13,5 | 60 | 29 | 58 | 57,5 | 259 |
- Алтернативно хранене:
а) определение – непродължително провеждащо се хранене, различно от здравословното хранене;
б) видове:
– редуцирано хранене (гладуване):
– пълно (опасно за повече от 7 дена);
– частично (опасно при недостиг на ВИТ и МИН).
– интермитентно хранене (ограничаване 2-3 дни/седмично);
– вегетализъм (само растителна храна);
– разделно хранене.
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