РАЦИОНАЛНО ХРАНЕНЕ

  • Рационално хранене

 

  • Основи на рационалното (зравословното / оптималното) хранене:

а)   основни физиологични изисквания:

–    енергиен баланс:

енергийното съотношение БЕЛ : МАЗ : ВХД = 1:2:3

–    балансирано приемане на хранителни вещества:

Таблица 4.1

Съотношение между БЕЛ, МАЗ и ВХД за различни групи лица

 

съотношението между БЕЛ МАЗ ВХД
-     за подрастващи 1 1,5 5
-     за лица с ниска и умерена интензивност на физически труд 1 0,8 3
-     за лица с висока и много висока интензивност на физически труд 1 1,1 4

–    научнообосновани ритми на приемане на храната.

б)   технологични аспекти:

–    разнообразни и качествени хранителни продукти;

–    научнообоснована технология.

в)   психологични аспекти:

–    удовлетворяване на социално-психологичните потребности;

–    доставяне на удоволствие.

г)    безвредност:

–    химична безвредност;

–    биологична безвредност.

  • Други видове здравословно хранене:

а)   диетично хранене – за съответно заболяване:

б)   профилактично хранене – за застрашени от заболяване:

  • Условия рационално хранене:

а)   производство или внасяне на здравословни храни;

б)   възможност да се придобият храните:

–     баланс между потребности и предлагане;

–     баланс между доходи и цени.

в)   знания за научнообоснованото хранене.

4.1.4. Балансираност – основава се на:

–     физиологичнообосновани норми за хранене, диференцирани по:

  • възраст;
  • пол;
  • физическо натоварване.
  • профилактиката на сърдечносъд.и ракови заболявания.
    • Енергийна и биологична стойност:

Таблица 4.2

Препоръки за прием на енергия и хранит.вещества за възрастни

 

Възраст, години Интензив-ност на физ.труд Енергия kcal/d БЕЛ МАЗ ВХД
Е,% g/d Е,% g/d Е,% g/d
Мъже
18-60 ниска 2700 12 81 30 90 58 392
умерена 3100 11,5 89 30 103 58,5 454
висока 3500 11 96 30 117 59 516
много висока 3800 10,5 100 30 127 59,5 564
60-75 2200 12,5 70 29 70 58,5 322
над 75 2100 13 68 29 58 58,3 306
Жени
18-60 ниска 2100 12,5 66 30 70 57,5 302
умерена 2300 12 69 30 77 58 333
висока 2500 11,5 72 30 83 58,5 366
60-75 1900 13 61 29 61 58 277
над 75 1800 13,5 60 29 58 57,5 259

 

  • Алтернативно хранене:

а)   определение – непродължително провеждащо се хранене, различно от здравословното хранене;

б)   видове:

–    редуцирано хранене (гладуване):

–     пълно (опасно за повече от 7 дена);

–     частично (опасно при недостиг на ВИТ и МИН).

–    интермитентно хранене (ограничаване 2-3 дни/седмично);

–    вегетализъм (само растителна храна);

–    разделно хранене.

 

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