МЛЯКО И МЛЕЧНИ ПРОДУКТИ
3.1. МЛЯКО И МЛЕЧНИ ПРОДУКТИ
3.1.1 Характеристика – едни от най-пълноценните храни за човека
Усвоимостта на млякото и млечните продукти е близо 100%
Богато е на белтичини, млечни мазнини и млечна захар,
минерали и витамини.
3.1.2 Класификация на млякото и млечните продукти:
– прясно мляко:
– прясно краве мляко:
– пастьоризирано (74º С за 40 s),
– стерилизирано (130-150ºС за 2-3s и охладено до 5ºС)
– обезмаслено -частично обезмаслено (до 2%), нормализирано (пълномаслено) (3%), високомаслено (над 4,5%)
– овче мляко;
– биволско мляко.
– млечни консерви – кондензирано мляко, сухо мляко.
– кисело мляко – краве, овче, биволско, смес с масленост
от 0,1 % до 7%
– сметана (млечна мазнина)– кисела (заквасена) и сладка
сметана с масленост 12%, 30% и 45 %.
– масло – безсолно, солено, топено и суроватъчно с
масленост 25-30% , по качество бива екстра , I и II качество
– млечнокисели напитки и извара– мътеница (при избиването
на сметаната в масло), суроватка (при пресуването на
сиренета) и извара (прясно мляко, суроватка и мътеница)
– сирене – получава се след подсирване на млякото с сирищна мая или на пресичането му с млечно кисели бактерии
– класификация на сиренето според начина на добиване
– сирищно сирене (чрез сирищна мая в млякото) –
– меко (не се пресува) Лимбургер, Камамбер, Бри,
полутвърдо (умерено пресувано) Бяло саламурено сирене, Сен Полен
– твърдо (силно пресувано) Ементал, Грюйер, Едам, Чедър, Пармезан, Гауда, Кефалотири, Кашкавал
– сирене с плесен в тестото; Рокфор, Бльо де Кос, Горгонзола,
– млечнокисело сирене (чрез млечнокисели бактерии в млякото )
– меко – Крема , твърдо; -Цигер
– топено сирене и пушено сирене
– сладолед (млечен, сметанов, млечно-сметанов, плодов и др) – закален (твърд) и мек.
3.1.3 Изисквания
– прясното мляко – бяла на цвят еднородна течност без утайка и
плаващи частици с леко сладникъв вкус.
– киселото мляко – без кора от мазнина повърхност, бял цвят с
кремав оттенък с млечно кисел вкус.
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