УСТРОЙСТВО НА ХРАНОСМИЛАТЕЛНАТА СИСТЕМА

Устройство на храносмилателната система,

 

  • Вещества, изграждащи тялото на човека:

Таблица 2.1

Вещества, изграждащи тялото на човека

вода Н2О 65,5   %
белтъци БЕЛ 16,5   %
мазнини МАЗ 11,5   %
въглехидрати ВХД   1,0   %
минерални вещества МИН   5,5   %
витамини ВИТ 26   вида
ензими ЕНЗ

 

2.1.2.   Хранителни вещества (хранителни в-ва) / нутриенти:

а)      макронутриенти:

–     белтъци (БЕЛ) / протеини (изградени от 20 вида аминокиселини (АК),свързани с пептидна връзка)

Хидролаза – химична реакция на разкъсване на молекулни връзки с участието на вода (белтъчната молекула се разпада на АК).

–     мазнини (МАЗ) / липиди (до 99 % триглицериди, изградени от своя страна от глицерол и мастни киселини (МК), свързани с естерна връзка )

–     въглехидрати (ВХД)–монозахариди(МЗ), сложни захариди

б)      микронутриенти:

–     минерални вещества (МИН):

–     макроелементи (Ca, P, K, Na, Cl и др.);

–     микроелементи (Fe, Cu, Zn, Co и др.).

–     витамини (ВИТ) – нискомулекулни съединения.

в)      вода (Н2О);

г)      ензими (ЕНЗ) -белтъци, произвеждани от живи клетки– биологични катализатори, действащи на точно определени химични реакции

  • Устройство на храносмилателната система:

а)      храносмилателен канал (от устната цепка до задния прохен отвор):

–     устна кухина (зъби и език с папили;слюнчести и мн.др. малки жлези→слюнка с ЕНЗ амилаза и малтаза);

–     хранопровод (с мускулест слой, придвижващ храната);

–     стомах (най-голямото разширение на храносмилателния канал):

–     побира до 3 dm3 храна, смесва я и я придвижва;

–     стомашните жлези отделят солна киселина и пепсиноген →пепсин

–     в долния му край има пръстеновиден мускул-пилор

–     тънко черво (в началото-дванадесетопръстникът-централният отдел на храносмилателната система, в който се изливат 3 вида хранителни сокове);

–     дебело черво (продължение на тънкото черво , започващо със сляпото черво и завършващо с правото черво/ректума и ануса)

б)      жлези:

–    слюнчени (околоушни, подезични, подчелюстни);

–    черен дроб;

–    задстомашна жлеза (панкреас).

 

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