ВОДА И МИНЕРАЛНИ СОЛИ

ВОДА И МИНЕРАЛНИ ВЕЩЕСТВА.

3.7.1. Вода (Н2О): 72% – вътреклетъчна вода, 28% -кръв,лимфа, междуклетъчни пространства, гръбначно-мозъчна т-ст:
а) значение (жизненоважни функции):
– осигурява необх.среда за биохим.пр-си в организма;
– улеснява триенето на допиращите се части в тялото;
– участва в терморегулацията -10-20% загуба е опасна
б) норми:
– потребности за възрастни:20-45 cm2Н2О/1 kg телес-на маса (70kg човек се нуждае от 1400-3150 cm2/ден)
– за децата са нужни 2-6 пъти повече на 1 kg тел.маса;
– увеличени – при високи температури на околн.среда.
в) източници:
– питие;
– съставка на храната;
– образува се при окисляването на хр.в-ва в организма
(например: от 100 g МАЗ → 107 cm2 Н2О).
3.7.2. Минерални вещества (МИН) – макроелементи:
а) значение:
– изграждат скелета (Ca, P, Mg);
– взимат участие в редица важни физиолог.процеси:
– в обмяната на водата (Na, K, Cl);
– в поддържането на осмотичното налягане (Na,K);
– нервн.възбудимост и муск.съкращ.(Na, K, Ca, Mg)
– диуретичен ефект (К).
– взимат участие в ензимните реакции;
– елементите на МИН са незаменими.
б) съдържание в организма:
– общо: 4 kg МИН/70 kg телесна маса;
– Ca (43%),P (29%),K (10%),Na (4,5%),Mg (1,5%) и т.н.
в) норми:
– Ca : P : Mg = 1 : 1 : 0,4
– Ca – 800,P – 800, K – 2000-2500, Na – 575-2500 mg/ден;
г) източници на макроелементи:
– Ca – мляко и млечни продукти;
– P – месо, риба, жълтък, мляко, зърнени и бобови хр.; – Mg – фасул, орехи, зърн.хр., месо, риба;
– K – варива, плодове, зеленчуци
– Na – готварската сол – 1 g готв.сол съдържа 0,4 g Na,
туршии, сирене, колбаси, хляб.
3.7.3 Минерални вещества (МИН) – микроелементи:
а) значение (някои ги наричат „минерални витамини”):
– многостранна роля при обмяната на в-вата
– Fe – в състава на хемоглобина, миоглобина, ЕНЗ;
– Cu – участва в биологичното окисляване, в синтеза на съединителната тъкан, при обмяната на Fe;
– Zn и Mn – участват в синтеза на БЕЛ и на НК,особено Zn – за норм.растеж, половото развитие, размножав.;
– І –за синтеза на хормоните на щит.жлеза, за дейността й
– F – за строежа и норм.състояние на скелета и зъбите.
б) норми:
– Fe : 10-20 mg/ден;
в) източници на микроелементи:
– Fe – черен дроб, варива, месо, зърнени храни;
– Cu – черен дроб, бобови храни, месо, риба и др.;
– Zn и Mn – месо, бобови и зърнени храни.

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